Okay... cautious optimism that I have either fixed or drastically mitigated the problem... Sorry, I did not think to take pictures, but I might play around with it some more and I will take some.
Yesterday, driving along with a friend to fix an issue on my fiancee's 2007 Saturn Ion (a story unto itself), the rattle appeared and I started complaining about it. I told my friend I could tell exactly where it was coming from (the headliner just to the right of the overhead console). He swore that, sitting in the passenger seat, the rattle was actually coming from HIS right. I told him he was dumb and wrong, but lo and behold, he put some pressure on the A-pillar as we were going over some bumps and the noise quieted down.
So it turned out I was wrong about where the rattle was coming from. Apparently, it was emanating from the area where the interior A-pillar trim meets the headliner. We resolved that once we dealt with the Saturn, we would turn our attention to this issue.
Armed with only a sheet of felt (a rattlehunter's best friend), a pair of scissors, and some moxie, we peeled down the weatherstripping on the top of the passenger side front door, which enabled us to see a bit of what was going on around the edge of the headliner. You can see the side airbag above the headliner, and it appears there are some small foam blocks (about 1x1 inches and maybe a quarter of an inch thick) between the headliner and the airbag. Removing the weatherstripping also allows you to ever-so-slightly separate the A-pillar trim from the headliner where they meet, although you could probably just pull off the trim as well.
We stuffed felt generously around the foam block closest to the front of the car. We stuffed felt into the gap where the headliner was touching the A-pillar trim. We even stuffed a little felt into the actual weatherstripping channel which holds the door frame. We would place felt, put the weatherstripping back up, drive the car around the block as a test, adjust or add more felt, and repeat.
What began as a cacophony of rattles eventually settled down into either no rattles, or one rattle so slight we can't even be sure we heard it as a result of having obsessively listened for rattles over the past 2 hours. My only reason for cautious optimism at this point is that it was getting slightly cooler while all this was going on, so I don't know if any rattle reduction was due to the dropping temperature in addition to our efforts.
The source of that particular rattle was definitely either (a) the headliner tapping against the A-pillar trim; (b) the foam blocks rubbing against the airbag or something to that effect; or (c) some sound emanating from the rubber in the weatherstripping, perhaps rubbing against the body panel and have expanded due to the heat. FWIW, my buddy was convinced it was the A-pillar and headliner tapping.
For now, I just have some unsightly black felt visible stuffed between those two panels (will get a picture of that one when I get the chance), which I will either trim down and/or replace with some gray felt so it's not visible. I won't be able to really test out the effect for the next couple of days, since its cooler and cloudy and this problem only appears when it's hot and sunny, but I will update when I know better. For now, it seems that we definitely either eliminated or substantially mitigated the problem.
Hope this is helpful for someone with a similar problem.